Rainbow
What Colors Are Rainbows: A rainbow is a multicolored arc made of light-striking water droplets. The most familiar type of rainbow, including this one in southern Chile, is produced when sunlight strikes raindrops in front of a viewer at a precise angle. The colors on a primary rainbow are always in order of their wavelength, from longest to shortest: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet.
Rainbow Optics
A rainbow is produced by a ray of light being refracted and reflected by water. Light is refracted (bent) as it enters a water droplet. It is then reflected (bounced off) the back of the droplet. As the reflected light exits, it is refracted again. The electromagnetic spectrum is made of light with many different wavelengths, and each is reflected at a different angle. Thus, the spectrum is separated, producing a rainbow.
Circular Rainbow
Rainbows are actually complete circles. Viewers on the ground are limited to rainbows above their horizon. From the air, however, viewers can occasionally see circular rainbows. Notice that the interior of a rainbow is lighter than the exterior—that’s because the colors of a rainbow overlap at their edges, bleeding into a sheen of “white” sunlight.
Rainbows
Rainbows can form anywhere moisture is suspended in the air, including splashing rivers and sea spray. A rainbow’s radius is determined by the liquid’s refractive index–the measurement of how much light refracts (bends) as it enters a new medium (from air to water). Saltwater has a higher refractive index than freshwater, so rainbows formed by saltwater have a smaller radius. What Colors Are Rainbows?
Double Rainbow
The focus of a rainbow is the antisolar point–the imaginary point exactly opposite the sun. The antisolar point in this image of Samburu National Park, Kenya, is made clear by the photographer’s (viewer’s) shadow. Look closely and you’ll see this is a double rainbow (called a second-order rainbow) made by water reflecting twice in the raindrop. The visible spectrum appears reversed in secondary rainbows–the red is on the interior arch while the violet/purple is on the exterior. In the lab, scientists have created a 200th-order rainbow.
Grand Rainbow
Supernumerary rainbows are thin, pastel-colored rainbows that sometimes appear beneath the inner arch of a primary rainbow. Some faint supernumeraries are visible in this rainbow over the Grand Canyon, Arizona. Supernumeraries are the result of the complex interaction of light rays in an air mass with small, similarly-sized water droplets.
Reflection Rainbow
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A reflection rainbow, like this one over Skagit Bay, Whidbey Island, Washington, appears above a body of water.
Reflected Rainbow
A reflected rainbow appears directly on the surface of a body of water or a wet surface, like this airport tarmac. Reflected rainbows do not appear to form a circle with a primary rainbow, although their endpoints seem to meet in an almond-shaped formation.
Red Rainbow
A red rainbow, also called a monochrome rainbow, usually appears at sunrise or sunset. During this time, sunlight travels further in the atmosphere, and shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) have been scattered. Only the long-wavelength red colors are visible in this rainbow.
Fogbows
Fogbows (also called cloud bows) are similar to rainbows but lack brilliant colors because they are caused by smaller water droplets than those in a typical raincloud. This series of fogbows appeared over the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) mobile science facility (MSF) at Summit Station, Greenland.
Moonbow
A moonbow, also called a lunar rainbow, is a rainbow produced by light reflected by the Moon. This moonbow appeared over Victoria Falls, Zambia.
Noah
Rainbows are part of the myths of many cultures around the world. One of the most famous stories of the rainbow is the Biblical story of Noah, shown here in a mosaic at the Basilica of San Marco in Venice, Italy. God sent the rainbow as a symbol to never again destroy the Earth with a flood.
Wiphala
The rainbow remains a powerful symbol for communities around the world, many of whom use the rainbow flag to symbolize diversity and respect. The Wiphala, above, is a symbol of communities indigenous to the Andes Mountains, stretching from modern-day Ecuador to Chile. The Wiphala features a diagonal patchwork design with squares in different rainbow colors. Different arrangements of patchwork squares represent different Andean communities.
A rainbow is a multicolored arc made of light-striking water droplets.
The most familiar type of rainbow is produced when sunlight strikes raindrops in front of a viewer at a precise angle (42 degrees). Rainbows can also be viewed around the fog, sea spray, or waterfalls. What Colors Are Rainbows?
A rainbow is an optical illusion—it does not actually exist in a specific spot in the sky. The appearance of a rainbow depends on where you’re standing and where the sun (or another source of light) is shining.
The sun or other source of light is usually behind the person seeing the rainbow. In fact, the center of a primary rainbow is the antisolar point, the imaginary point exactly opposite the sun.
Rainbows are the result of the refraction and reflection of light. Both refraction and reflection are phenomena that involve a change in a wave’s direction. A refracted wave may appear “bent”, while a reflected wave might seem to “bounce back” from a surface or other wavefront.
Light entering a water droplet is refracted. It is then reflected by the back of the droplet. As this reflected light leaves the droplet, it is refracted again, at multiple angles.
The radius of a rainbow is determined by the water droplets‘ refractive index. A refractive index is a measure of how much a ray of light refracts (bends) as it passes from one medium to another—from air to water, for example. A droplet with a high refractive index will help produce a rainbow with a smaller radius. Saltwater has a higher refractive index than freshwater, for instance, so rainbows formed by sea spray will be smaller than rainbows formed by rain.
Rainbows are actually full circles. The antisolar point is the center of the circle. Viewers in aircraft can sometimes see these circular rainbows.
Viewers on the ground can only see the light reflected by raindrops above the horizon. Because each person’s horizon is a little different, no one actually sees a full rainbow from the ground. In fact, no one sees the same rainbow—each person has a different antisolar point, and each person has a different horizon. Someone who appears below or near the “end” of a rainbow to one viewer will see another rainbow, extending from his or her own horizon.
Colors
A rainbow shows up as a spectrum of light: a band of familiar colors that include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. The name “Roy G. Biv” is an easy way to remember the colors of the rainbow, and the order in which they appear: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (Many scientists, however, think “indigo” is too close to blue to be truly distinguishable.)
White light is how our eyes perceive all the colors of the rainbow mixed together. Sunlight appears white.
When sunlight hits a rain droplet, some of the light is reflected. The electromagnetic spectrum is made of light with many different wavelengths, and each is reflected at a different angle. Thus, the spectrum is separated, producing a rainbow. What Colors Are Rainbows?
Red has the longest wavelength of visible light, about 650 nanometers. It usually appears on the outer part of a rainbow’s arch. Violet has the shortest wavelength (about 400 nanometers) and it usually appears on the inner arch of the rainbow.
At their edges, the colors of a rainbow actually overlap. This produces a sheen of “white” light, making the inside of a rainbow much brighter than the outside.
Visible light is only part of a rainbow. Infrared radiation exists just beyond visible red light, while ultraviolet is just beyond violet. There are also radio waves (beyond infrared), x-rays (beyond ultraviolet), and gamma radiation (beyond x-rays). Scientists use an instrument called a spectrometer to study these invisible parts of the rainbow.
Rainbow Variations
Glow
The atmosphere opposite a rainbow, facing the sun, is often glowing. This glow appears when rain or drizzle is falling between the viewer and the sun.
The glow is formed by light passing through raindrops, not reflected by them. Some scientists call this glow a zero-order glow.
Double Rainbow
Sometimes, a viewer may see a “double rainbow.” In this phenomenon, a faint, secondary rainbow appears above the primary one.
Double rainbows are caused by light being reflected twice inside the raindrop. As a result of this second reflection, the spectrum of the secondary rainbow is reversed: red is on the inner section of the arch, while violet is on the outside. What Colors Are Rainbows?
Higher-Order Rainbows
Light can be reflected from many angles inside the raindrop. A rainbow’s “order” is its reflective number. (Primary rainbows are first-order rainbows, while secondary rainbows are second-order rainbows.) Higher-order rainbows appear to viewers facing both toward and away from the sun.
A tertiary rainbow, for example, appears to a viewer facing the sun. Tertiary rainbows are third-order rainbows—the third reflection of light. Their spectrum is the same as the primary rainbow.
Tertiary rainbows are difficult to see for three main reasons. First, the viewer is looking toward the sun—the center of a tertiary rainbow is not the antisolar point, it’s the sun itself. Second, tertiary rainbows are much, much fainter than primary or secondary rainbows. Finally, tertiary rainbows are much, much broader than primary and secondary rainbows.
Quaternary rainbows are fourth-order rainbows and also appear to viewers facing the sun. They are even fainter and broader than tertiary rainbows.
Beyond quaternary rainbows, higher-order rainbows are named by their reflective number or order. In the lab, scientists have detected a 200th-order rainbow.
Twinned Rainbow
A twinned rainbow is two distinct rainbows produced from a single endpoint. Twinned rainbows are the result of light hitting an air mass with different sizes and shapes of water droplets—usually a raincloud with different sizes and shapes of raindrops.
Supernumerary Rainbow
A supernumerary rainbow is a thin, pastel-colored arc usually appearing below the inner arch of a rainbow. Supernumeraries are the result of the complex interaction of light rays in an air mass with small, similarly-sized water droplets.
In supernumerary formation, reflected rays interact in ways called constructive and destructive interference. Light is either reinforced (constructive interference) or canceled out (destructive interference). Interference is responsible for the lighter hues and narrower bands of supernumeraries.
Reflection Rainbow
A reflection rainbow appears above a body of water. A primary rainbow is reflected by the water, and the reflected light produces a reflection rainbow. Reflection rainbows do not mirror the primary rainbow—they often appear to stretch above it.
Reflected Rainbow
A reflected rainbow appears directly on the surface of a body of water. A reflected rainbow is created by rays of light reflected by the water’s surface after the rays have passed through water droplets. Reflected rainbows do not appear to form a circle with a primary rainbow, although their endpoints seem to meet in an almond-shaped formation.
Red Rainbow
A red rainbow, also called a monochrome rainbow, usually appears at sunrise or sunset. During this time, sunlight travels further in the atmosphere, and shorter wavelengths (blue and violet) have been scattered. Only the long-wavelength red colors are visible in this rainbow.
Fogbow
A fogbow is formed in much the same way as a primary rainbow. Light in a fogbow is refracted and reflected by fog (water droplets suspended in air). A fogbow seen in the clouds is called a cloud bow. What Colors Are Rainbows?
Because the water droplets in fog are much smaller than raindrops, fogbows have much fainter colors than rainbows. In fact, some fogbows have few detectable colors at all and appear mostly white, with a reddish tinge on their outer edge and a bluish tinge on their inner edge.
Moonbow
A moonbow, also called a lunar rainbow, is a rainbow produced by light reflected by the Moon.
The Moon itself does not emit light, of course. Moonlight is reflected sunlight, as well as some starlight and “Earthlight.” Because moonlight is so much fainter than sunlight, moonbows are dimmer than rainbows.
Rainbows in Myth
Rain bows are part of the myths of many cultures around the world. Rain bows are often portrayed as bridges between people and supernatural beings. In Norse mythology, for instance, a rainbow called the Bifrost connects Earth with Asgard, where the gods live. In the ancient beliefs of Japan and Gabon, rainbows were the bridges that human ancestors took to descend to the planet.
The shape of a rainbow also resembles the bow of an archer. Hindu culture teaches that the god Indra uses his rainbow bow to shoot arrows of lightning.
Rain bows are usually positive symbols in myths and legends. In the Epic of Gilgamesh and, later, the Bible, the rainbow is a symbol from a deity (the goddess Ishtar and the Hebrew God) to never again destroy the Earth with floods.
Sometimes, however, rainbows are negative symbols. In parts of Burma, for instance, rainbows are considered demons that threaten children. Tribes throughout the Amazon basin associate rainbows with the disease.
Perhaps the most famous piece of mythology surrounding rainbows is the Irish legend of the pot of gold at the end of a rainbow. The gold is guarded by a tricky leprechaun, but—because no one sees the same rainbow and rainbows don’t “end” (they’re circles)—no one ever finds the gold or the magical creature. What Colors Are Rainbows?
Rainbow Flags
1Rainbow flags usually appear as stripes (bands) of at least five different colors. Rainbow flags have long represented groups championing diversity, respect, and inclusiveness.
The Wiphala is a type of rainbow flag. It is a symbol of communities indigenous to the Andes Mountains, stretching from modern-day Ecuador to Chile. A Wiphala has been an official flag of Bolivia since 2009 when the nation elected its first indigenous president, Evo Morales. The Wiphala features a diagonal patchwork design with squares in different rainbow colors. Different arrangements of patchwork squares represent different Andean communities.
The Buddhist flag, designed in the 19th century, is flown by Buddhists around the world. It is a vertical arrangement of six bands, each representing a different aspect of Buddhism, from kindness to moderation, blessings to wisdom.
The Jewish Autonomous Oblast, a community on Russia’s border with China, is represented by a seven-banded rainbow flag. The seven bands symbolize the seven branches of a menorah.
The most familiar rainbow flag may be the banner representing the movement supporting civil rights for members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. The different colors of the “LGBT pride” flag represent the diverse community itself, as well as the different aspects associated with each color. Orange, for example, symbolizes health and healing, while green symbolizes nature.
Somewhere, over the ocular dispersion of the electromagnetic spectrum . . .
Photograph by David Armstrong, MyShot
Rainbows Near and Far
Some scientists think rainbows also exist on Titan, one of the moons of the planet Saturn. Titan has a wet surface and humid clouds. The sun is also visible from Titan, so it has all the ingredients for rainbows.
The article was originally published here.
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